EXTENSION OF THE MOON-HECHT NUCLEAR THEORY

Part I:  Why are the Inert Gases Inert and Gases? 

 

INTRODUCTION: THE MOON-HECHT THEORY

 

Robert J. Moon, Jr. in 1986 proposed the theory that the protons (and in some cases the neutrons) of atomic nuclei occupy the vertices of one or more of the five Platonic solids (See Appendix A).

 

This theory has been expanded by Laurence Hecht [1], the Editor of 21st Century Science and Technology.

 

Nuclei are presented as relatively rigid bodies.  This makes sense, because all atomic species are made in stars (except for some that are made on earth or other planetary bodies by radioactive decay or fission of atoms that were made in stars).  The temperature at which nuclei are formed, (at least up to 28Ni) is at least 106 K and may be considerably higher [2].  Without a rigid structure the atoms above 2He would be vibrated to destruction, (or bombarded to destruction by protons and neutrons). 

 

Even with the rigid “Platonic Solids” system, at least two other things must occur for the nuclei to be stable:

 

1.     If a bound proton or neutron is to be stable at stellar temperatures, it must lose, on average, 1.56 x 10-26 g.  This amounts to about 52 neutrinos per particle.  See Appendix B.

2.     The Coulombic charge of the protons must be neutralized by the presence of an equal number of electrons (including those of the neutrons).  The Columbic Force in the nucleus must be zero.

 

A     INERT GASES

 

 

Is there a special structure that makes 10Ne, 18Ar, 36Kr, 54Xe and 86Rn both gases and chemically inert?

 

It is proposed that is a successively larger cube, with all the “valence electrons” protected inside, and is thus chemically unreactive.  They are also gases since they do not associate even with themselves.

 

The neon cube is “peopled” by 3Li, 4Be, 5B, 6C. 7N, 8O, 9F, and 10Ne.

The verticies of the of the Ar cube are 11Na, 12Mg, 13Al, 14Si, 15P, 16S, 17Cl and 18Ar.  (Note that 10 of these 16 elements are solid at ordinary temperatures).

 

For Kr, 29Cu, 30Zn, 31Ga, 32Ge, 33As, 34Se, 35Br and 36Kr.

 

For Xe, 47Ag, 48Cd, 49In. 50Sn, 51Sb, 52Te, 53I, and 54Xe.

 

For Rn, 79Au, 80Hg, 81Tl, 82Pb, 83Bi, 84Po, 85At and 86Rn

(Note that there are no “stable” isotopes of Po, At and Rn, since none of them have half lives greater than 3 years.  All of these elements are produced by radioactive decay of more stable species such as 88Ra (1590 years) or 92U (4.5 x 109 year).

 

Of course, all other elements with lower atomic numbers fit on other platonic vertices within the inert gas cubes.  For example, all elements from 3-78 fit within the Rn cube, from 3-46 within the Xe cube and so forth.

 

 

SUBSEQUENT PAPER(S)

 

This paper(s) will discuss how other elements fit into the platonic solids, in particular the “transition elements” and the “rare earths”.  

 

2 Why some low atomic number  elements such as 3Li and 6C are solids, and particularly the special place of Carbon in life.

 

3.Speculation as to how elements with atomic numbers higher than 28 are formed and spread about the universe.

 

 

SUMMARY

 

1.     Protons (and in some cases neutrons) are disposed on the vertices of one of the “Five Platonic Solids”.  This provides a vibration stable platform for nuclei in the high temperatures of stars.

2.     To be stable to ejection as such in stars, each binding proton and neutron must lose, on average, 52 neutrinos.

3.     There is no “resultant Coulomb Force” in nuclei since there are equal numbers of protons and electrons.

4.     All “inert gases” consist of successively increasing cubes, with all electrons protected inside the cube

 

 

REFERENCES

 

1.     A fairly complete history of the Moon-Hecht theory may be found on the 21st Century Science and Technology home page, www.21stcenturysciencetech.com.  Some references are included.

2.     E. Novotny, “Introduction to Stellar Atmosphere and Interiors”, Oxford University Press, NY, 1973 p 248ff

3.     J. Lilley, “Nuclear Physics, Principles and Applications”, John Wiley & Sons, NY, 2001, p343ff

4.     Clarence Dulaney, “Creation of Charge and Mass”, http://mywebpage.netscape.com/clarencedulaney 

 

 

© June 22, 2007

 

 

APPENDIX A

 

 

THE FIVE  PLATONIC SOLIDS [1]

 

 

 

A “Platonic Solid”  is a polyhedron, all of whose faces are congruent, regular polygons   The same number of faces meet at every vertex.  There are only five such polyhedra.  They are 1. The Tetrahedron with four equilateral triangles as faces, 2. The Cube with six squares as faces, 3. The Octahedron with eight equilateral triangles, 5. the Dodecahedron with twelve regular pentagons, and the icosahedron with twenty equilateral triangles.

 

The number of faces f, edges e, and vertices v for the five are related as follows:

 

SOLID                        f            e                  v

                  

Tetrahedron                 4           6                 4

 

Cube                           6           12                 8  

 

Octahedron                 8           12                  6

 

Dodecahedron            12          30                 20

 

Icosahedron               20           30                12

 

 

Note that for each solid,   f + v = e + 2

 

 

It will not be attempted to draw the various Figures.  See Reference 1 for a fine set.

 

 

 

APPENDIX  B

 

 

BONDING ENERGY

 

 

Consider 28Ni58  which has a mass of 57.935348 AMU  [3].  It has 28 protons each 1.007825AMU and 30 neutrons each with 1.008665 AMU.  These particles thus have a total of 58.47905AMU.  Subtracting The Ni mass we have 0.543702 AMU to account for.  Since an AMU is 1.6595 x 10-24g, the total excess mass would be  9.0227 x 10-25g.  Dividing by 58, this would be

1.5556 x 10-26g per particle.  Since the neutrino weighs 3x 10-28g, [4], each particle lost roughly 52 neutrinos.