The six men included two hardware merchants, Caleb Snashall and Lansing Mygatt; two general store operators, Almeron Eager and his brother-in-law, William Smith; a blacksmith, Allen Baker; and Levi Shaw, an inventor and eventually a salesman for the Baker firm. They were well known and trusted members of the Evansville community. Each man invested one thousand dollars and others made smaller investments.

On September 12, 1872, a group of potential investors met at the Evansville Review Office to form a company to manufacture the double acting steam engine invented by Shaw and Baker. Even thought the plan for the engine was only on paper there was a great deal of interest in the project.

More people attended the meeting than had been expected. At the meeting, a committee of five men was chosen to solicit potential investors. The committee included Allen S. Baker, Caleb Snashall, Professor George Bradley, C. K. Landon and George Shaw.

Although many of the names of the smaller investors are not known, Evansville's first school teacher, and retired farmer, Levi Leonard recorded in his diary that he gave $5 toward the construction of the first building for the new firm.

By early October, there were enough investors to begin the process of creating a model of the engine. Allen Baker took the design for the engine to the Harris Manufacturing Works in Janesville to have a model built.

In the winter of 1872-73, the Harris Manufacturing Works built a model of the steam engine. Allen Baker made trips to the factory to check on the progress of the machine. By chance, on December 2, 1872, the editor of the Review was a passenger on the same stagecoach that Baker was taking to Janesville.

The following week, the trip was reported in the Review, along with comments about Allen Baker. "Mr. Baker expatiated at length upon the merits of his new Rotary Engine, which he is manufacturing at the Harris Iron Works."

Two months later, on Monday, February 17, 1873, the model of the new rotary steam engine was tested at the Lehman Brothers Furniture Factory in Evansville. Again the Review reporter was present to view and tell potential investors about the test.

According to the Review, the engine had three movable parts and no "dead points". The spherically shaped machine had pistons that worked like a slowly twirling penny.

Baker and Shaw’s model was tested by placing a belt on the pulley of the engine. The belt was then attached to the driving shaft of the planer. As soon as the steam was up, the new engine began to work. The men put heavy oak boards the planing machine to test the engine's horsepower. It passed the test "with the greatest ease", according to the reporter who witnessed the experiment.

Almost immediately, the men realized that the new steam engine was probably not going to sell well enough to make the company profitable and decided to also do repairs and general machine work. The February 26, 1873 Evansville Citizen-Review announced, "We understand that the Rotary Steam Engine Company has been thrown up and the franchises turned over to a new company recently organized for the purpose of doing general machine work. In the meantime tools will be fitted up for manufacturing the engine, which is the indirect purpose of the new company."

On March 6, the articles of partnership were signed and the men agreed that Caleb Snashall would serve as the company's first president; Almeron Eager, treasurer; William S. Smith, Secretary and Allen S. Baker, general superintendent and foreman. At the same meeting, the men agreed to order the needed machinery and to build the foundry and machine shop.

The company solicited small amounts of money from other investors and within a few days nearly $200 was raised. In early April, A. S. Baker and the other partners decided on a location for their new company, which was officially known as, A. S. Baker & Co.

Land near the furniture factory and the railroad tracks seemed ideal. According to Rock County Deed records, on April 4, 1873, John and C. Godfrey Lehman sold a piece of land on the south side of Church Street to Allen S. Baker, et al. for $200. The land was 128 feet long and 198 feet wide.

The April 9, 1873 Evansville Review announced that the stone and lumber for the new building was on the grounds. Work progressed throughout the spring. By the end of April the wood frame building was nearly completed. The new machinery arrived in early May.

In the meantime, two of the partners, the hardware merchants Snashall & Mygatt, were manufacturing cheese factory equipment, including vats, hoops and cans. It was expected that their connection with the new foundry and machine shop would give them additional facilities for increasing their production.

The shop was in operation by July 1873, with two employees, including Allen Baker who was the shop superintendent. Baker’s experience as a blacksmith was helpful in getting the new business off the ground.

The A. S. Baker Company employees were kept busy repairing farm machinery. Caleb Snashall painted a sign for the new enterprise that read, "Foundry and Machine Shop." The Evansville Review reported that the first blast of the foundry furnace was made in early October 1873.

By the following year, the Baker Company had a new product, one that would bring success to the business. The firm began manufacturing a windmill called "The Monitor", named for the ironclad war ship used during the Civil War.

One of the first windmills was put up on the grounds of Snashall and Mygatt’s Hardware store. The hardware store also served as general agents for the new Monitor and demonstrated its usefulness to farmers.

Ad from the Evansville Journal 1874

The July 1, 1874 issue of the Evansville Review declared the Monitor’s success. "The mill had scarcely received a thorough testing when farmers noticing the many excellencies, determined on adopting it to the many other kinds now being introduced to the public." Snashall and Mygatt were the first general agents for the windmill.

That same month, Caleb Snashall made a trip to Iowa to promote the windmill. Nearly all of the principals in the firm advertised the company products whenever they made business trips to the west. Over the next few years, before the company hired salesmen, Almeron Eager, Levi Shaw, and Allen Baker promoted the company’s products wherever they traveled.

The first advertisement for the Monitor appeared in the September 29, 1874 issue of the Evansville Journal, published by Prof. George Bradley. A drawing of the new windmill at work on a farm was accompanied by the following text: "This popular wind Mill which is so rapidly superseding all others, when introduced is sold on easy terms by Snashall & Mygatt, Evansville, Wisconsin."

The Baker Company had not even issued catalogs of their new product before the company was inundated with orders for the windmill. By the late fall, the windmill was so successful that the company decided to expand its market into Minnesota. State and local fairs were another means of advertising the Baker Company products. Allen Baker was most often the company’s representative at their fair displays.

In October 1874, Levi M. Shaw sold his share in the Baker Manufacturing property to his other partners for $700. Shaw moved to Preston, Minnesota and became the company’s first official traveling salesman. He began selling the Monitor windmills, iron pumps and cheese factory equipment advertised in their catalogs. By May 1875, the company had received so many orders for windmills and pumps that it was "beyond their present ability to dispatch them".

The following May, the Evansville Review printed the first edition of the illustrated catalog for the A. S. Baker & Company. There were several styles of pumps and other iron goods, as well as the windmill. One of the new products was a "very strong and convenient" jack screw was manufactured and sold by the company. Within a few months, the company had orders for 60 windmills to be sent to Minnesota.

The increased business encouraged the company to expand their buildings. An 80-foot, two-story addition was made to the machine shop, in the summer and fall of 1877. That year the company manufactured 1,800 iron pumps and 100 windmills. In just four years of operation, the company had increased the number of employees from two to twelve men.

The company’s advertising and good quality products were gaining the company an expanded market. In the spring of 1879, Allen Baker traveled to Nebraska and took one of the Vaneless Monitor Windmills to demonstrate to farmers and implement dealers. He returned to Evansville with 75 orders to fill.

In addition to working in the foundry and acting as a salesman, Allen Baker also had time to create new inventions that improved the company’s products. In 1879, Baker received a new patent for an improvement to the motion of the windmill that transformed a crank motion in a circulation motion. This allowed a miniature feed mill to be operated by the windmill. The windmill also now had half the number of joints, of the older model. This made it easier to control.

For the next few years, the company’s ads included a picture of the windmill and a cut-away picture of a farm building with the mill grinding feed for the animals.

The company reorganized in the spring of 1879 and received a state charter as the Baker Manufacturing Company. The capital stock was $20,000 divided between the five remaining partners, Caleb Snashall, Lansing Mygatt, Almeron Eager, W. S. Smith and A. S. Baker. The company reported about $20,000 in sales each year and employed twenty men.

In 1880, a new foundry was built. The Baker Manufacturing Company moved into their new foundry in late March and made the first blast from the new furnace. "They now have plenty of room and can do even better work than before," the March 31, 1880 Review noted. By late April Baker’s was also installed several new machines.

The advertising and promotion by the salesmen created sales of the windmills further and further away from the company’s base in Evansville. There were reports of sales of the windmills to New Mexico. Having the company’s buildings nearly adjacent to the Chicago and Northwestern Railroads tracks was a great boon to the company’s ability to quickly fill sales orders.

In 1880, the company added more traveling salesmen to its staff. In addition to Levi Shaw’s Minnesota territory, James Osborn became the general agent for the Baker’s Illinois territory and Arvin Potter was assigned to the Iowa territory in May 1880. Allen Baker continued to personally oversee the exhibitions at state fairs.

One Sunday morning in May 1880, the company officials and Evansville citizens were frightened by the call of "Fire". Someone saw smoke coming from the Baker foundry. The fire alarm was sounded and when the volunteers arrived at the scene, they found a pile of oil-saturated sawdust that had started burning near one of the machines.

The fire company’s engine and pump would not work, and they could get no water from Allen’s Creek. The Baker Company got one of their own pumps and soon there was a good stream of water pouring on the fire. There was only smoke damage, but the threat of fire was very real. "Had the fire got a good headway the damage would have been immense. But it was good luck all around," the Review reported in the next week’s issue.

With disaster only temporarily averted, the Company continued to make progress. In 1880, Allen Baker was issued two new patents, one for a pump and the other for a mechanical movement in the windmill. The "improved Monitor" was put on display at Snashall & Mygatt’s hardware store with a miniature grist mill so that farmers could see the advantages of investing in the Baker products.

The company expanded once again by purchasing more land for new buildings. In November 1880, A. S. Baker & Co. purchased land from Henry Delpheny, just west of the original structure. The land deal was very profitable for the sellers. Delpheny and his wife Catherine had purchased the lot for $200 in 1876 and four years later sold it to Bakers' for $440.

The company built a stone building for its foundry on the land purchased from Delpheny. The construction began in March 1881. The 50 x 100 feet building had a 25 x 35 feet engine room. The roof of the old wooden foundry building was also raised and new flooring was put in place.

By 1882, the Evansville Enterprise declared that the "Baker Manufacturing Company has brought more money into town than any other concern and greatly improved the place, and should also be encouraged." The article noted that the company had recently increased the capital stock to $100,000 and added a new partner, M. V. Pratt.

The company continued to purchase land. Dr. C. M. Smith sold the firm part of his pastureland, which bordered the Baker Company in May 1882.

In June 1882, the company decided to build its own water tower for fire protection. They placed the tower in front of the new stone foundry building.

The company had plenty of competition from windmill factories in other Wisconsin cities. The Waupun windmill was manufactured at Waupun, Wisconsin and was sold locally by J. Bullard & Company. The Chicago and Northwestern Railroad installed an Eclipse windmill at the local depot. The Eclipse was manufactured at Beloit.

Farmers were encouraged to support the local manufacturer and improve their efficiency on the farm. The new Baker products could save hours of work.

One farmer living west of Evansville gave rave revues to the windmill. The Enterprise newspaper reported that "Mr. N. Pike of Jug Prairie, took home one of the Baker windmills last Friday. Uncle Nate says that he has had enough of pumping water by hand from four to six hours per day for stock.

Baker’s sent out another catalog, printed by the Enterprise in February 1883. A thousand of the 12-page booklets were distributed.

The Baker Company was in a prosperous condition. An 1883 birds-eye view of the city showed three large buildings owned and operated by the Baker Manufacturing Company. Tall smokestacks proclaimed success and the newspaper reported sales of 1,000 windmills and 2,000 pumps by a workforce of 40 men at the beginning of 1883.

1883 Bird's Eye View of Evansville's industrial buildings

Allen Baker was always ready to seek improvements to the products the company manufactured. In 1883, the Baker Company employed another inventor. In the spring of 1883, Leander Hoskins, a student at the University of Wisconsin School of Engineering, also worked at the Baker Company.

That year, Hoskins received a patent on his design for an 18-foot windmill. The model was made and tested at Baker’s. In June 1883, Hoskins received a patent on the machine and the Baker Company began to manufacture Hoskins’ invention on a regular basis.

Just when it seemed that everything was progressing for the Baker Company, disaster struck the industrial sector of Evansville in the spring of 1884. On April 16, 1884, at 2:30 p.m. the village’s night watchman, a Mr. Hollingsworth, was making his rounds in the vicinity of the Baker Manufacturing Company and the Lehman furniture factory. He saw an unusual light in the upper story of the building used by the Baker Company for making the wood parts for the windmills. He notified the fire chief, Ray Gillman and the fire bell was rung to call the volunteers.

The watchman hired by the Baker Company, George Scoville, also noticed the fire leaping out of the roof the building. Scoville blew the steam whistle at Baker’s until the steam was gone.

The fire continued to rage, fueled by the buildings’ contents and the winds. The wood working shop contained a large quantity of dry lumber, paints and oils that only added to the fire’s intensity. The fire spread rapidly, but still some of the workmen entered the buildings to try and save their tools.

When the volunteers arrived with the fire engine, they set up the hoses from the Allen’s Creek Bridge. They had only 350 feet of hose and trained the stream of water on the Lehman furniture factory because the fire at Bakers was out of control. A strong northwest wind was driving the fire closer and closer to the furniture buildings.

Just as the firemen were making headway in saving the Lehman buildings, the hose broke and the line was too short to reach the buildings. They moved to a cistern near the tack factory, located south of the furniture company buildings and tried to save those buildings.

As the fire was raging the Baker Company partners held a meeting and decided to rebuild at once. The company was insured for $2,900, but their loss was nearly $10,000. In addition to the wooden buildings, the loss included three hundred windmills that were boxed and ready for shipment.

Only one building remained nearly intact, the stone building built as a foundry and pattern room in the early 1880s. The engine that supplied power for their machinery was in the stone building and was not damaged.

Baker Company’s officers decided that any new buildings would either be built of stone or brick. The fire was barely extinguished before the Baker Company had men on the scene clearing away debris and trying to salvage any materials that they could. The process of rebuilding was started.

Within three weeks after the fire destroyed their woodworking shops, the wood and paint, and the manufactured goods, Baker had a temporary shed built to house the wood shop. The foundry was operational by May 9, 1884. "Many of the factory boys are anxious to resume work," the Review reported.

There was a slight delay in getting everyone back to work in the wood shop, because new machinery had been ordered but did not arrive when expected. The Chicago Northwestern Railroad Company was blamed for the delay.

The slow arrival of the machines affected many of the carpenters who were building new homes, as well as the workers in the Baker factory. The carpenters had depended on the Lehman furniture factory to do much of their finishing work. When it was announced that Lehman's was not going to be rebuilt, the new Baker Company’s wood planer was in demand by local carpenters.

In May 1884, the officers of the Baker Manufacturing Company awarded the building contract for their new wood shop to Thomas Baker & Son, local masons. There was to be a twenty-foot roadway between the foundry and the new woodworking shop.

A fireproof building was now very important to the Baker Company. From the foundation to the roof, the new building would be as safe from any future fires, as builders could make it.

The 50 by 100 feet woodworking building was to have a stone foundation and be built of brick from the local brickyard. The Baker Manufacturing Company had placed an order for 85,000 brick.

By using the temporary shed and the new woodworking machinery, in June 1884, just two months after the fire, the Baker Manufacturing Company made their first shipment of windmills. Albert Snashall erected three windmills in the first week of June and sold several others.

"The Monitor is the favorite" with local farmers, one local newspaper declared. This was good news for the men in the factory who were working 12-hour days to catch up with the orders.

In the fall of 1884, the company was again expanding its facilities. With the new wood shop still under construction, the masons started a foundation for a new 40 x 80 feet molding room near the foundry.

In November the new wood shop was used for the first time and that same month, the Lehman Brothers sold the lot that had been the furniture factory to the Baker Manufacturing Company for $1,500. Baker's could not expand to the east.

By the end of 1884, the Baker Company had invested more than $10,000 in land and buildings. The construction was considered one of the major improvements to Evansville.

With the construction barely completed, Allen S. Baker was already making plans to increase the manufacturing capacity of the company. In 1885, with an investment of $1,600, the company purchased a new 60-horse power engine from a company in Chicago. It was double the capacity of the engine the company had started with and produced more power than the company could use.

Not willing to waste the power, the company began selling power to others. The nearby tack-making factory purchased power to run its machinery from the Baker Company and within a few years, the residents of Evansville benefited by the use of the excess power to fuel a dynamo for an electrical plant.

Ever on the alert for business to supplement the windmill manufacturing, in the spring of 1886, Allen Baker made a proposal to the Village Board of Evansville that they install electric street lights and purchase the power from the Baker Company. Little more than a year later, electricity for public and private use was made available through the use of Baker’s engine and the new dynamo that was purchased by Allen Baker in August 1887.

In the late 1880s, the Baker Company improved their transportation facilities by building two railroad sidings between their buildings. There was one rail siding built between the woodworking plant and the machine shop, and a second one between the woodworking plant and the foundry. The workers could now use handcarts to transport goods between buildings.

There was also a spur line running south of the main buildings and connecting with the Chicago and Northwestern main tracks. Easy access to the railroad was very important to getting goods to the Baker Company's salesmen and customers. On a single day, in mid-July 1887, the company shipped 25 windmills, 125 large cylinder pumps, 25 water tanks and 275 brass cylinders. All of the products were going to a wholesaler in Atchinson, Kansas.

Large lumber sheds were built on the land that the company had purchased from the Lehman brothers. "This shows a prosperous state of business worth of the company’s enterprise," the Evansville Review noted in the report of the new additions to the factory. By the summer of 1888, the company employed 30 men.

Occasionally there were slow periods for the company. Sometimes the lack of materials would cause a brief lay-off. The Enterprise reported in July 1889, that the "foundry boys have been laid off the past three days for the want of coke" to fuel the foundry. "It seems strange to see the employees upon the street, it being a very uncommon thing in working hours."

At other times the Chicago Northwestern Railroad did not get the materials delivered to the factory on time. If there were shortages of iron or other materials needed to manufacture the pumps and windmills, the factory work slowed down.

Other slow periods occurred in the winter months, if there were few orders coming in for windmills. When products were selling well and there were enough orders to keep the company working at full force, the employees regularly put in nine-hour days. Fred Wilder, who worked in the wood shop, making sections of the windmills, was said to drive an average of 8,400 nails a day.

In 1889, Allen Baker's son, John, joined the Baker Manufacturing Company as a lineman for the electrical plant. As a young boy, John had worked in the factory each summer from the time he was 12 years old. In school, he had shown proficiency in science and mathematics and he was described as an original, independent and logical thinker.

John graduated from the Evansville High School in the spring of 1887 and that fall entered the University of Wisconsin to study mechanical engineering. Two years later, his education was interrupted by a recurring problem with one of his eyes. John entered a Milwaukee hospital in 1889 for surgery on the eye and developed an infection that kept him in the hospital for several weeks. He went home to Evansville and decided he could no longer continue his studies.

John returned to Evansville and was offered a job at Baker's, as a lineman for the electrical plant. He accepted the offer and remained with the company for the rest of his career. John's skills quickly became evident and he was made manager of the drafting and design department of the company. Like his father, John was also an inventor and the two would collaborate on designing and testing products over the years that they worked together at the plant.

As a designer and inventor, John received his first patent within a few months after he became a Baker Manufacturing Company employee. From 1889, until his death in 1936, John designed and received patents for improvements to windmills, water pumps, gasoline engines, tractors and automobile parts. All of the patents were given to the Baker Manufacturing Company.
 
 

Many changes occurred at Baker's in the 1890s. The company paid its first dividends to its investors in 1891. Steel windmills were added to the product line of the company, branch offices were opened, and a profit sharing plan for employees was implemented. There were also several new buildings and additions to the physical plant of the company and an attempt by an Illinois community to lure the company away from Evansville.

In 1890, the company opened its first branch office in Fort Dodge, Iowa. John Broderick was listed as the general agent for the Northern Iowa territory.

By 1898 the company's advertising also listed branches in Atchinson, Kansas; Fort Worth, Texas; Fredricksburg, Iowa, Minneapolis, Minnesota and an agent in Alexander, Virginia. By the end of the 19^th century, the company also had an export agent in New York to handle their international sales.

The company began manufacturing steel windmills in 1892. The new windmill was known as the Steel Monitor. Though John and Allen Baker spent many hours designing and testing the new windmill and steel cable tower, the design of the tower was unstable and was discontinued within a few years. The steel towers, also known as cable towers because they were reinforced by steel cables could not stand against high winds.

In order to manufacture the new steel windmills, several new pieces of machinery were added to shear and twist the steel into spiral shaped fans for the blades. The new product required more space, because the company continued to manufacture the wood mills. Another addition, 50 by 65 feet, was made to the wood shop to hold the shearing and punching machines for the steel mills. The wood shop was now 200 feet long.

Although the addition to the wood shop was a wood frame structure, the roof and sides of the building were covered with iron, to make it fireproof. Several tons of sheet steel arrived at the plant in April 1892 and were placed in the new punching room and steel storage area.

The company was expecting to add other machines as well. A galvanizing apparatus was purchased and in June 1893, the first batch of zinc was heated to the melting point. The steel was dipped into the pan and coated with the zinc. The windmill blades had to withstand all kinds of weather and the galvanizing process reduced the amount of painting and other maintenance required.

Even as the company was planning for expansion in Evansville and additions were being made to the plant buildings, Allen Baker received a call to go to Waukegan, Illinois. There were people in Waukegan who wanted the Baker Manufacturing plant to move to their city.

The inducements offered to Mr. Baker included the lower freight rates charged by the railroad if goods were shipped from Waukegan. Although high railroad tariffs cut into the profits of the windmill manufacturer, Allen Baker decided it was best if the company remained in Evansville.

When the annual meeting was held in January 1893, the company officers squelched rumors that were still circulating around Evansville that the company was going to move to Waukegan. At that meeting, Almeron Eager was elected President of the organization. L. M. Mygatt was vice-president; M. V. Pratt, secretary and Allen S. Baker remained superintendent of the manufacturing plant and the treasurer of the company. After twenty years, the company had lost only two of its original investors, Levi Shaw, who had sold his shares and William S. Smith, who died in 1892.

The officers made plans for launching one of the biggest advertising campaigns in the company’s history in 1893. For many years the company had been exhibiting and demonstrating their products at state and local fairs. Allen Baker was most often the company's representative at the fair booth.

In 1893, plans were underway for an international fair that would bring people from throughout the world to Chicago. The Chicago World’s Fair, also known as the Columbian Exposition opened in 1893. Thousands of people were drawn to the fair and Baker Manufacturing took advantage of the opportunity to display its products. An elaborate exhibit was built on the grounds.

A Mr. Stoddard, from Prairie du Sac, Wisconsin, was hired to set up and manage the exhibit of four windmills, including two of the new steel mills and two of the wood mills. He arrived at the Baker shops in March 1893 to begin the work of assembling the four windmills. The exhibit also included a variety of machines that could be operated by the Baker windmills, including pumps and power and feed grinders.

World’s Fair officials were very impressed with the Baker exhibition and the windmills. They awarded the company a gold medal for efficiency of design. They also received praise from a magazine that was popular with farmers in the 1890s.

"A Splendid Show of Wind Mills", the Farm Implement News of June 1893, called the Baker display. Although there were fifteen other windmill companies exhibiting at the fair, the Farm Implement News, gave the Baker exhibit special notice. The exhibit was described as "the most striking and attractive display of wind mills, towers, and mill buildings that has ever been made, and any farmer or dealer who may fail to see it will have missed one of the most interesting and instructive features of the agricultural department of the exposition."

The magazine article described the elaborate exhibit: "It consists of a handsome four-gabled, two story building, rising like the trunk of a pyramid, with the slanting posts of the great tower for its corners. The base, or lower story, is partially open, but the floor is railed in and upon it stands the machinery to be operated by the mill on the lofty tower above, viz., a corn sheller, feed grinder, wood saw and pump with fixtures. A staircase leads from this floor to the story above, which is enclosed and makes a neat and commodious office. The deck or roof is surrounding by a handsome balustrade and bears a tank in the center. The four corner posts extend on upward until their ends meet and form the tower that supports a fourteen-foot geared Monitor mill. The whole is tastefully ornamented and painted." West of the building was an eight-foot steel Monitor wheel. South of the building, were two short towers with windmills, a fourteen-foot wheel, made of wood and an eight-foot steel wheel.

The company officials were so proud of the exhibit that they wanted their employees to see the Baker display and the other interesting sights at the Fair. In August 1893, the workers were given several days of vacation so that they could attend the Chicago World's Columbian Exposition.

For several years after the World’s Fair, Baker Manufacturing Company’s catalogues featured pictures of the gold medal received at the fair. The catalogs also featured the wording of the award noted that the design of the windmill displayed "the efficiency and ingenuity of method for obtaining uniform motion in all changes of the wind through centrifugal force of the wind wheel sections, the balance weight opposite the wind wheel dispensing with the use of a vane and a system of swiveled or balanced gearing which diverts the reaction of the upright shaft from the turn table of the fixed tower."

Throughout the 1890s, the company produced catalogs that included illustration of the vaneless pumping mills, steel mills, swivel geared power mills, Baker pumps, grinders, wood saws, tanks, and other items. The advertising at the fair and through the catalogs was worthwhile.

The products were constantly improved. In November 1893, Allen Baker received another patent, this time for a skeleton tower for the windmills.

In April 1894, Baker received more orders for their windmills than they had ever had before. They announced at the same time that the company had added a new water tank design to its products. The men were now working ten-hour days to keep up with the increased business.

By 1895, the company had its largest gain in net sales in the history of the company. The company manufactured an average of eight windmills each day and in 1895, made 2,505 windmills, with net sales of $10,000.

In the next few years, Bakers bought more land to expand their operation. Another building was added in 1895. The company announced in September 1895, that they had purchased another tract of land and were making arrangements to build a large warehouse.

In September 1896, the company purchased land on the north side of Church Street from Lucy J. Morgan for $300. Baker’s planned to build a new office building. Construction began on the new office building in January 1897, when the brick arrived. In June, the building was nearly ready for occupancy. A Mr. Wall was "pushing" the construction work. The new offices include space for the engineering and drafting departments, as well as the company’s officers and secretarial staff.

Another announcement of expansion came in April 1897 when Baker officials told the local newspaper, they would be building at least three new buildings. The value of the new buildings was announced at the end of 1897. Construction costs included the office building cost $1,500; the punch room, $3,000; the galvanizing room, $2,500; and the pattern building, $1,000.

A Sanborn Map drawn in 1899 for the City of Evansville, shows the Baker buildings were on the east and west sides of Enterprise Street and the north and south side of Church Street. The foundry, woodworking shop and machine shop were located west of Enterprise Street.

The woodworking shop included the planing mill, sawing, planking and joining room, pattern making room and the punching room with storage for steel. Directly west of the woodworking shop was the machine shop, that contained the office and stockroom.

West of the machine shop was the foundry with an attached room for cleaning and storing castings. The paint shop was south of the workshops and foundry, a separate wood frame building covered with corrugated iron

On the eastside of Enterprise Street were lumber sheds, a warehouse for storage and the galvanizing building. A railroad siding was located south of the main Baker buildings, running east and west from the main railroad lines.

Baker Manufacturing Company took many safety precautions against fire, the dreaded enemy that nearly twenty years earlier had destroyed their buildings and contents. All wood working machinery, except small saws had dust collectors. There was a well near the machine shop to provide water and 200 feet of two-inch fire hose that could be attached to a pump. A night watchman was on hand to watch the buildings.

As the Baker firm expanded their own products, they also did custom work for other companies. In 1897, the Baker Manufacturing Company received a contract with the Sailor Manufacturing Company of Janesville to make their feed and band cutter for threshing machines.

To increase the sale of Baker products, Allen S. Baker  made a trip to Texas and into Mexico in February 1897. During his 30-day visit, he was very impressed with the potential for windmill sales. In some sections of the country, Baker noticed that  the soil was very productive, but the rainfall was also unpredictable. During his visit, Baker also paid special attention to the crops that were grown and the type of soil, and the methods the people used to get their water.

The success of the windmill manufacturer was due in part to its many loyal employees. In addition to the principal stockholders, many of the factory workers stayed with Baker Manufacturing for their entire careers. By 1899, Frank Hubbard and W. J. Sargent, had been with the company twenty-three years. Others with long terms of service included Fred Barnum, John Bly, Charles Jenkins, H. H. Blood, Fred Wilder, and Charles Moore.  Each of these six men had been with Baker Manufacturing Company for fifteen years.

Others, stayed for shorter periods of time.  Levi Shaw, one of the original investors, and the company's first traveling salesman, left Bakers and went to work for a Chicago manufacturer of engines. Leander Hoskins, the young university student who had received a patent for his 18-foot windmill, became a professor at the University of Wisconsin and later at Stanford University in California.

Not everyone at the plant was happy with the working conditions. In the 1890s, there was some dissatisfaction with wages. In 1898, the average daily wage for a Baker employee who often worked a ten-hour day was $1.93. That year, the company reported that there were eight men who put in over 3,000 hours of labor that year.

The Knights of Labor, which had already organized some of the factory workers in nearby cities, attempted to form a union at the Baker plant. John Baker believed that by offering employees a chance to own stock in the company, the men would stop agitating for a union.

John Baker presented a plan that would allow employees to become stockholders in the business. At first, Almeron Eager and Allen Baker balked at the idea. John was persistent and eventually persuaded the major stockholders to try his plan, known as profit sharing.

The earliest attempts to get workers to own stock failed. In 1892, the company offered to sell thirty shares of stock to employees and no one took the offer. No dividends were paid to stockholders in 1893 or 1894 because sales were slow.

Then in 1895, the capitol stock was increased by $10,000, but again no one accepted the offer to purchase stock. In May 1895, Bakers also reduced the wages of workers, rather than lay off employees. When sales picked up later that year, the company found employees agitating for change and a union. The company officials once again looked at ways to improve working conditions and wages.

In January 1899, John Baker's plan was finally realized. The capital stock was increased to $300,000. This amount included $200,000 in preferred stock and $100,000 in common stocks. In February 1899, the company distributed $2,905 in bonus money to their employees. It was 10 per cent of the wages received by the Baker workers in 1898. Fifty-six men received the bonus and the opportunity to purchase stock.

At a special meeting with employees, Allen Baker explained the program. Each man received from $40 to $75, depending on his wages the previous year. The workers were allowed to purchase shares of common stock in the company at $100 each. Allen Baker announced, "it is optional with them to do so or not, this dividend being a free, unconditional present to each employee."

The employees were very grateful for the bonus and the stock-purchasing program. They passed a resolution of thanks and had it printed in the four weekly newspapers being printed in Evansville in 1899.

The resolution was also a hope for a good future relationship between the workers and the Baker owners and managers. The employees' resolution ended with the following: "We wish to assure them (the major stockholders) that no effort of ours will be lacking to make the plan of profit sharing work to our mutual benefit. May this step be the beginning of a wide spread movement that will remove all difficulties now existing between capital and labor."

The profit sharing program received national attention over the next twenty years. Area newspaper picked up the stories first. Janesville and Madison newspapers had lengthy articles explaining the benefits to the company and to the employees.

According to a 1901 Evansville Review article, in the early days of the company, the few stockholders had turned the company over to Allen S. Baker "with instructions to sink or swim" and not to spend more on the business than it would pay out. In 1879, the firm was valued at $20,000, by January 1899, the company had capital of $300,000. Allen Baker had indeed followed the stockholder’s instructions.

John Baker, the originator of the profit sharing idea, believed that factories were like farms and stores; "if you want profits you must run them yourselves and know how to run them." By involving the worker in the ownership of the business, the employee became more productive.

On the first Saturday in February 1900, the Baker Manufacturing Company paid its second profit sharing dividend. Each employee participating in the plan received 10 per cent of his year’s earnings. The highest amount paid the first year was $60, and in 1900, some employees received as much as $400.

Allen Baker seemed finally convinced that his son’s idea for settling labor/owner problems in the factory was indeed workable. When he began receiving requests to explain the profit sharing plan to other manufacturers, he did so with gusto and praised the virtues of the new system.

In October 1903, Allen Baker spoke to the Janesville Manufacturers Club. "We have no labor problems, but many applicants and thus we are particular who we take in. We find our men willing to do more work in our factories. We have had labor organizers there but they receive no encouragement from our men."

Although there had been several delays in the delivery of steel for the plant, 1902 was reported as a busy one. The workers manufactured 7,750 windmills, 4,443 steel towers and over 4,000 iron pumps and cylinders. There were also pine and cypress water tanks, automatic pressure tanks to supply water in homes, feed grinders, wood saws and other custom products made at Bakers.

The company began shipping windmills to foreign markets in the early 1900s. In August 1903, Baker Manufacturing Co. shipped two railroad carloads of windmills to Australia.

Company president, Almeron Eager died in October 1902, The stockholders elected Allen Baker as president and treasurer of the company at the annual meeting in January 1903. John Baker became the general manager and the tradition of inventing and improving new products continued under John’s management of the firm.

Coming full circle from its beginnings, in the early 1900s the company returned to the manufacture of engines. In May 1904, A new four-cylinder engine called "The Little Baker" was introduced. John Baker and Vincent E. McMullen, an engineer and superintendent of the factories at Baker’s, designed the engine. Baker’s also produced a three-cycle engine.

Custom work was also done at the foundry. When local farm implement dealer A. E. Durner invented and patented a disc sharpener, he had the machine molded at the Baker foundry and then assembled the sharpener himself.

New products and good sales sent the company into a period of rapid growth in the decade between 1900 and 1910. A new branch office was opened in Omaha, Nebraska in 1905.

In Evansville, a three-story fireproof warehouse was erected on the eastside of Enterprise Street in the late summer and fall of 1906. Using a relatively new technique for building, the cement floors were reinforced with steel rods and the cement was put in by a continuous pouring method.

The cement workers labored day and night in six-hour shifts to finish the first floor. It took 120 hours of work to lay the cement floors. By October, the architect-builder, William Meggot had his crews ready to pour the second story, and the floor was poured in late September 1906, in the same manner as the first story.

When the warehouse was completed, the company used the roof for a testing area for their windmills. Early pictures show four windmills placed on top of the warehouse. The testing area also served as an advertisement for the company’s products.

In 1907, the company placed a sign made of sheet steel on top of one of the buildings. The sign measured ninety-seven feet long and six feet high, with four-foot letters that proclaimed "Baker Manufacturing Company". It could be seen for miles around.

The company also continued to depend on state, county and local fairs for advertising Baker products. John Baker attended fairs as his father had done to promote windmills, gasoline engines and the other good manufactured at the Evansville plant.

Paul Ames, sales manager, was also frequently mentioned as managing the fair exhibits and helping local agents in such far-away places as Toronto Canada and Des Moines, Iowa exhibit the Baker merchandise.

Changes in personnel often came to the attention of the local newspapers. One of the designing engineers left Evansville to help another company design engines. Henry Schneider replaced Vincent McMullen as superintendent of the factories in 1907, when McMullen went to work for Fairbanks Morse Co., a Beloit engine manufacturer.

The company had several designers and throughout the early years of the century the company introduced new lines of engines and other items. John Baker and a Mr. Patch drew plans for a model tractor and in 1907, Baker Manufacturing built two of the experimental machines. People who saw the tractors described them as looking like the Titan tractors, a popular tractor made at the time. The design did not prove marketable and the tractors never reached the manufacturing stage. Over the next few years, John invented a starting crank for automobiles, and improvements to the engines made by Bakers.

At the January 1908 annual meeting the company, received a severe challenge to its management and profit sharing plan. There were so many people attending the meeting that the company had arranged to hold the session in the City Hall council chambers.

One of the items on the agenda was the manner in which stock was distributed to the employees. Those who left the company and wanted to sell their shares, often sold them to people who did not work at Baker Manufacturing Co. This placed voting rights with people who did not have a direct interest in the company.

Two of the stockholders, considered "outsiders" by the management, wanted the profit sharing plan to be suspended. In order to get their proposals passed by the board of directors, they needed to have two new directors elected, who would support their proposition. The dissenters used the argument that wages at Bakers were lower than at other windmill manufacturers and that administrative salaries were higher than the average.

Allen Baker, his son, and other company employees were determined to keep the profit sharing plan. In a lengthy article to the Evansville Review, John Baker produced evidence from a study that he had conducted, comparing Baker’s wages with those of other manufacturers.

The average wage paid to U.S. windmill factory workers for a year was $503.81, according to a federal department of commerce and labor bulletin. According to John Baker, the average wage earner at the Evansville factory made $561.68. The average administrative workers made $1,013.53 according to the labor bulletin, while Baker’s average administrative salary was $970. It seemed proof enough that the administration costs were low and the laborers wages were high compared to the average U.S. worker.

Not only were wages higher at Bakers, but the workers were more productive. The average windmill factory worker in the U. S. produced $2,500 in goods, while the output per man at Bakers was $3,400, nearly 40 per cent higher that the U.S. average. John Baker believed this was because the profit sharing plan motivated the company workers to be better workers.

The statistics had convinced the shareholders to defeat those who wanted to disband the profit sharing. However, they did make changes to the way that stock given to employees could be sold. The stockholders voted to distribute the dividends, but the company would hold the stock and Baker’s would have the first option to purchase the stock, if the employee wanted to sell.

The Evansville Enterprise reporter expressed his delight in the defeat of the dissidents. "It seems fortunate to all stock-holders and to the community at large that the present management was not displaced, and it is to be hoped that no such cloud may ever again appear to cause disturbance or distrust."

Business continued as usual. In 1908, an addition was made to the galvanizing plant and another addition was made to the lumber sheds in August 1908. When the year was ended, recorded sales were reported and the following year, in 1909, the books of the company showed that twenty-five percent more business was done than in 1908.

Export sales began to expand. In 1909, several carloads of windmills were shipped to Australia and a branch office opened in New York City to improve the export business to Europe and South America, Mexico and the West Indies where there were also shipments of Baker windmills and other products.

The company listed its manufactured goods in a promotional brochure, including a "full line of steel windmills, steel towers, vaneless wooden mills, feed grinders, wood saws, iron pumps and gasoline engines."

The success in selling the company products, brought further capital improvements. In 1909, the old machine shop and paint shop was torn down and a new one replaced it. It was double the size of the size of the old one.

Chet Morgan was hired to be the construction manager. The old foundation and walls were removed and the new three-story brick building was built. This building, like the one built in 1906, had cement floors, which were of the latest design. John Baker had attended a cement show in Chicago, before the building was started, to learn the latest techniques for building.

Plans were underway to build a new foundry and a separate building to be used exclusively to clean the castings. This would give additional room in the moulding space. The company noted that this addition was "absolutely necessary to any market increase in manufacturing capacity"

The substantial growth in the physical plant of the Baker Company was a reflection of its success. The capital stock was increased to one million dollars. By the end of 1909, the sales were more than double those of 1905 and nearly triple those of 1900.

In 1909, the company paid nearly $180,000 in wages and dividends to its employees. The manufacturing plant was so busy that salesmen were frustrated by the delay in delivery of goods in the field. Orders were coming into the company faster than they could be filled.

The company had grown so that their large engine could no longer generate sufficient power to operate the company’s machinery. Most of the new machinery was driven by electric motors and the old powerhouse, that had once supplied electricity to the company and to the village of Evansville, was strained to capacity.

In the summer of 1910, a new powerhouse, new generator, and new boilers were under construction. The fifty-eight by eighty-foot building housed a 350 horse-power Allis Chalmer Corliss engine with two high pressure horizontal tubular boilers and a 200 kilowatt dynamo. There was room for expansion in the new building.

By April 1911, the new power plant was operating. The machinery in all of the departments was driven singly or in groups by a series of electric motors that received current from one large dynamo in the power plant. The new 125-foot concrete smokestack was the tallest object for miles around. It served as a landmark to people coming into the city and proclaimed a successful and enterprising business.

The company also installed new fire protection equipment, including a 500-barrel water tank with a pump on top of the new powerhouse. The equipment could pump 750 gallons per minute. In case of a major fire, the City Council agreed to let Bakers hook into the city water system for extra water. Baker also agreed, that if the City needed water in case of fire, that the firemen could hook into the Baker water system.

In 1911 the foundry capacity was expanded by the construction of an iron-covered shed. According to a report in the October 1911 Review, there were now seven buildings in the manufacturing complex that were considered fireproof.

In addition to the Evansville buildings, the company had also built a four–story warehouse in Fort Dodge, Iowa in 1911. Will Lemmel was the manager of the Ford Dodge branch. The following year they occupied a seven-story building at Omaha. A branch at Kansas City, also had been started.

At the annual meeting in 1912, the officers were elected, and included Allen S. Baker, president and treasurer; John S. Baker, vice-president and general manager; J. W. Christman, superintendent, and J. M. Bodenberger, secretary. The volume of business in 1911 had decreased from previous years, because of "poor business conditions".

The early success of the small engines, encouraged the Baker Manufacturing Company to produce larger engines. By 1912, the company was advertising 2, 4 and 6 horsepower vertical engines and 8 and 10 horsepower horizontal engines. "All are adapted to either stationary or portable uses" the ads noted. Like the company’s windmills, the engines were also called "Monitor". Customers were invited to visit the factory so that the employees could demonstrate the merits of the engines.

The company also advertised 11 and 15 horsepower engines that were mounted on steel beam trucks that were also given the name "Monitor". The engines could be used to "make the silo doubly profitable" by operating the silage cutter for the farmer, according to the Evansville Review ads for the machine.

When business picked up and sales were going well, the Baker Company invited their salesmen into the office for a meeting. In 1913, the company had branch offices in Fredericksburg and Cedar Rapids, Iowa. W. I. Talbot managed the Cedar Rapids office.

William Lemmel and G. H. Morton represented the Fort Dodge, Iowa branch. H. J. Bailey and F. H. Bailey came from Omaha. W. J. Talbot attended from the Cedar Rapids office. H. L. Padden and A. H. Milne were from Fredericksburg, Iowa. Wm. B. Talbot was manager of the Kansas City branch. Others came from Boomville Missouri; Salina Kansas; Rockford, Illinois; Berlin, Wisconsin; Wheeling, West Virginia; Enid Oklahoma and Durand, Illinois.

The salesmen were invited to the Evansville plant to see how the products were made and to learn more from the home office staff and other salesmen about the Baker products. The office and factory workers considered the sales meeting to be an opportunity to see how their products were working in the field.

Allen Baker gave a history of the company, to the visiting salesmen, and explained the profit sharing plan. Paul Ames, the sales department head, told the visitors that the company had shipped 625,000 to 650,000 pounds of freight, just out of Evansville. This did not include the items shipped from the branches. The sales meetings became an annual event that the company sponsored.

In addition to the salesmen, the Baker Company also received a visit from Ida M. Tarbell in the fall of 1913. Tarbell was a social reformer and writer for the American Magazine. She had heard about the Baker Manufacturing Company’s system of profit sharing and had spent some time in Wisconsin interviewing John and Allen Baker, as well as employees who had benefited by the plan.

The article written by Miss Tarbell did not appear in the magazine until February 1915. She had high praise for the Baker Company in the article entitled, "The Golden Rule in Business". Tarbell called the plan of stock ownership a "partnership, which is quite as revolutionary and adequate."

Ida Tarbell went on to explain the benefits of the plan. "What the Baker plan does it to make partners of all those active in the business. It keeps the business permanently in the hands of those who are actively interested in its stability and its development."

Baker employees were also loyal and had strong records of service. In January 1916, ten of the 150 men employed at the company had worked there for more than 22 years. Fred Wilder held the record with 73,854 hours and 40 minutes for the last 25 consecutive years. Seven of the ten men were foremen in the various departments of the company.

Allen S. Baker died in January 1916 during an epidemic of influenza, called "La Grippe". At his service a section of the Congregational Church was set aside for the factory workers who came in a group to pay their respects to the man who had helped them earn a share of the company. After the funeral service, the men walked in the final procession to pay tribute to their beloved boss. Baker was the last surviving member of the original investors.

When the stockholders and officers met at the annual meeting in late January 1916, John S. Baker was elected president, treasurer and general manager of the firm. Elmer C. Uphoff became vice president. J. M. Bodenberger continued as secretary and J. W. Christman as superintendent. There were difficult times ahead for the new president, but he was inventive, not only in designs but also in the management of the company. John Baker led the Baker Manufacturing firm through the First World War and the depression of the 1930s.

Manufacturers have always faced loses of personnel and shortages of supplies during wars and World War I was no exception. Many of the men working at the plant enlisted in the United States armed forces and in 1917, Baker's placed a news release asking for men to work in the foundry. It was the first "help wanted" notice the company had ever placed.

Baker's steel windmills were galvanized and required zinc. This was a scarce commodity during World War I.

When the United States entered the War in April 1917, patriotism was at an all time high and the Baker employees supported the war by responding to a series of war bond fundraising drives held in Evansville.

Fortunately, the Baker employees were working overtime, as there was a strong demand for farm machinery and a short supply of factory workers. The company was also experiencing a prosperous year, when the local fund raising committee made demands for citizens to purchase bonds and savings stamps to support the government's war effort.

Not wanting to have their employees labeled "Slackers", the Baker Manufacturing encouraged their workers to invest in war bonds. In March 1918, the employees were given a 10% raise in wages because the company realized the series of fund drives had been a financial burden on the limited resources of some of the men.

Recruitment of men to serve in the armed forces continued and by May 1918, so many workmen at Bakers had entered the service that there were jobs in the foundry that could not be filled. The Baker management decided to try to hire women to run machines and do the lighter work in the factory. The Baker shops hung out a "help wanted" sign advertising for women to apply for the jobs. "There was no rush of women to fill the vacant positions as all women of this city seem to be busy," the May 30, 1918 Evansville Review noted.

The following month, the Baker management sent out a notice asking their employees to purchase bonds by a payroll deduction plan. "We are sending thousands of our young men to Europe and we know what they must face. We who stay at home must do our part, which is that neither our boys or our allies lack anything for quickest possible victory. To accomplish this, we must save as we have never saved before and invest our savings in Liberty Bonds."

When the war ended, so did some of the prosperity the company had experienced during the conflict. By January 1919, the employees were working a nine-hour day, instead of the usual 10-hour day. The reduction in hours was called a "war retrenchment policy."

The number of products offered by the company was extensive. Separate catalogs were issued for the engines and windmills. Catalog 51-E, concentrated on the engines and the equipment powered by the Monitor engines. The catalog's prices became effective July 1918 and listed gasoline engines, pump jacks, feed grinders and wood saws.

The Little Monitor, a 1 1/4 horsepower gasoline engine was the first engine featured in the booklet. An illustrated twelve-page explanation of its operation and uses gave the potential buyer descriptions of the small engine's efficiency. Photographs demonstrated how the little engine could power belt driven machinery, including a thresher pump, a trench pumper, a milking machine, cream separator, and cement mixer.

The catalog described how one Oklahoma farmer had used the Little Monitor for a farm powerhouse. "The Little Monitor attaches direct to the pump, a pulley on the crank shaft drives a small grinder, another pulley on the second shaft drives either a cream separator, churn, or washing machine, while the fly-wheel belts to an emery wheel."

For work that required more powerful engines, Baker's manufactured larger, horizontal and vertical, heavy-duty engines. The catalog explained that these could be used for pumping deep-water wells or oil wells. Each engine was mounted on a hardwood base.

The engines were guaranteed to be "made of good material and built in a workmanlike manner." Any part was replaced free of charge for one year from the date of purchase.

Baker's also made attachments for these engines. The vertical and horizontal engines, with 2, 3, 5, 7, and 8 horsepower engines could operate the company's pump jacks, wood sawing and grain processing equipment. For the grain farmer, Baker manufactured feeder grinders, a sacking elevator for bagging the grain, and a wagon elevator that carried the feed from the grinder into a wagon.

Sometimes the little engines were used for unusual work. Four Baker engines were used as power to pull a seining net to remove fish from Lake Kegonsa in September 1923.

The engines could be moved from place to place as needed and Baker also made handcarts for the Monitor engines. The wagon-like carts had truck wheels on axles and a tongue for repositioning or moving.

The company issued separate catalogs for its windmills and towers. In the early 1920s, the windmills were improved with a self-oiling device. Other windmill manufacturers had used the self-oiling devices for a number of years before Baker offered this design.

The farmers who owned the old style Monitor windmills had to climb the towers to oil the mechanisms. John Baker thought that this required so little effort and time, that it was not worth changing the design of the Baker windmills. However, reports from the salesmen in the field convinced Baker to offer the self-oiling windmill, because sales were declining in favor of competitors self-oiling styles. In 1923, Baker introduced their first self-oiling windmill.

There were several styles manufactured over the next few years and they featured the ham-bone shaped gear case. Inside the gear case was the oil reservoir and all the gears and working parts of the mill. The case was designed to protect the gears from moisture and dust. As they worked, the crank and pinion gears dipped into the oil bath and carried lubricant to the bearings. This series of self-oiling windmills, developed in 1923, was manufactured for the next 13 years and discontinued in 1936, when another design was manufactured.

In the late 1920s the company also began manufacturing self-oiling pump jacks and electric deep well pumps. Keeping up with the market demands, a new electric pump jack was introduced in the spring of 1928. Many farms in the Midwest were getting electrical service and wanted electric, rather than gas powered machinery.

The new pump jack could be used with the old gasoline engines or it could be driven with an attached electric motor. Like previous gas models, the pump motor could be used to drive other machines.

Baker continued to have a worldwide market for their products and in 1926, China was added to the list of countries that had Baker products. The company received an order for a windmill to be sent to the American Board Hospital at Fenchow Mission, Shansi, China. A tower was designed and built on sight for the new windmill.

The new machine mystified some of those who lived near the mission. Some thought that the windmill was supernatural because it did the work of four men. The company continued to receive orders for their products from China and the company hoped this would prove to be a "mechanical missionary" and introduce Baker products in a new part of the world.

One of the reasons the company was so successful was that Baker's managers continued to find alternative ways that the products could be used. In the 1920s, Baker began advertising inventive uses for the windmill towers.

In 1923, Baker's manufactured a tower used in Lake Leota as a diving tower. The company also sold a revised model of its towers for water storage tanks for homes and businesses. Baker's also made large water tanks of cypress wood to create a water storage system at most any location where water could be obtained from a well.

Airports began using the towers to support beacon lights to direct airplanes to the landing strips. Radio towers, siren towers, and lookout towers were other uses for the towers. There was also a tower for loud speakers built above a speaker's platform at the Iowa State fair.

Two employees, Earl Knappenberger and Lee Roberts, became sought-after experts in erecting the steel windmill towers to support the beacon lights. They worked with federal officials to establish a line of beacon lights to guide the night flights of the new air mail service from the Atlantic coast to the Pacific Coast.

In the late 1920s, business was good and Baker employees were working six-day weeks to keep up with the demand. There was very little turnover of employees. Of the 130 employees reported in 1927, only 13 were new employees that year. There were 25 men who had worked at Bakers for twenty to thirty years. One had worked between 30 and 40 years. Three had worked for the company for forty to fifty years.

Baker's held a special day of celebration for the 50-year employee, Frank Hubbard, in August 1927. Hubbard had worked in the same department for the entire 50 years. He had started in the foundry as a young man and became foreman.

Hubbard's son, Ray, had taken over as foreman of the department when Frank gave up his responsibilities as head of the foundry. Frank Hubbard was presented with a gold pin with a diamond in the center.

At the picnic, Walter Green gave a talk about the progress of the company. In 1927, Green said the company was worth $1,653,000. In the twenty-seven years since the profit sharing had begun, the employees now owned over fifty percent of the common stock.

One of Baker's most successful years following World War I was 1929. Sales of the windmill towers increased. The Baker Company sold 200 more beacon towers to the United States Air Mail Service when air mail flights was instituted in new areas of the country.

A branch that had been closed for a number of years was reopened in Hutchinson, Kansas under the direction of William Tuttle. The company took a five-year lease on a two-story building near the Missouri-Pacific Railroad tracks. The office was to serve the southwestern states.

The company had offices called "subsidiary corporations" in Kansas City, Mo.; Omaha, Nebraska, Minneapolis, Minnesota, Brandon, Manitoba, Canada. There were also branches in Enid, Oklahoma, Fort Dodge and Cedar Rapids, Iowa and Oakland, California.

The July 25, 1929 Evansville Review reported that the Baker Company was the only manufacturer in the state that was making a profitable business on the profit-sharing plan and "one of the few not subjected to discordant notes of a striking nature".

As the Depression began, Baker's suffered no losses and business conditions remained normal until the summer of 1930. Then sales began to drop and in 1931 Baker reduced the price of its goods, hoping to improve sales. By December 1931, the company was forced to give their 120 employees shorter working hours. The company had sold only 41 per cent as many windmills and small gas engines in 1931 as in 1928.

Despite the rapid decline in sales, the company laid off only ten percent of its employees and reduced their work schedule to a four-day week, seven hours a day. "During the depression the Baker plant has pursued the policy of working short hours rather than discharging its employees," company officials told an Evansville Review reporter. John Baker and the officers of the company hoped this would prevent many families from suffering from the effects of laying-off workers.

By the summer of 1932, Baker still was holding their workforce to 90% of those employed in 1929. However, the workweek had been reduced to two days. Most employees were working on Mondays and Wednesdays. Some employed in the pattern and drafting rooms were still working three days a week.

In 1933, a new Monitor windmill, series W, was introduced. The W-series was the last style of windmill manufactured by Bakers and included a self-oiling mechanism. There were four sizes, including a six-one/half-foot model, an eight-foot model, a ten-foot model, and a twelve-foot model. This design was used over the next thirty years.

Baker also manufactured this style for the Sears Roebuck and Company. The windmills were sold through the Sears mail-order catalogs under the name "David Bradley". Windmill authority, T. Lindsay Baker, says these mills are still in service providing water to livestock and homes in remote areas.

The Baker Manufacturing Company managed to remain in operation during the depression. There was a report of a loss of $33,955 in 1932, but by 1933, the gain, including the previous year's loss was $101,155.

In 1933, the stockholders received a divided of $8 on common stock and $10 on preferred stock. Sales of the company's products in 1933 were highest in windmills, followed by towers, engines, pump jacks, cylinders and pumps.

At the annual stockholders and director's meeting in February 1934 John Baker was reelected president, treasurer, and general manager. William Schneider was named Vice President. Joseph Bodenberger, the company's purchasing agent, was also named secretary; and Frank Lewis, assistant general Manager.

As soon as sales warranted increased production, John Baker had his employees back to full-time work. In 1937, the company announced that for the first time since 1929, they would resume a six-day, 48-hour workweek so that stock could be built up in the warehouse to handle spring orders.

The new hours took effect January 10, 1937 and the company announced that they would be hiring several new men. That same year, in March, the company increased the employees' hourly wage by 10% and gave a five-percent increase for piece work.

Sales managers were called in from the branch offices to introduce a new electric automatic deep well water system that was in production. The company hoped that it could continue to keep its 130 employees working.

Many areas of rural America were getting electricity and the company's new electrical pumping equipment was seen as meeting a need for deep-well pumping equipment. One of the sales managers, Charles E. Linquist, of the Fort Dodge Branch, came away from his visit to the home office very impressed with the Baker products. "Prospects for the sale of Monitor merchandise in the territory served by the Forts Dodge office look especially encouraging for the season of 1937," Lindquist said. "Due to rural electrification the Baker Manufacturing company will stress special effort on the sale of its improved line of electrical pumping equipment. Because of the unique design of the new Monitor deep-well electric pump, considerable saving in the operating expense to users is made possible."

With the company making a comeback from the early years of the depression, the management suddenly was faced with potential labor problems. In the spring Committee for Industrial Organization, (C.I.O.) workers began meeting with Baker employees to try to form a union. The C.I.O., headed by famous labor organizer, John L. Lewis, had already organized the Fisher Body and Chevrolet plants. The C.I.O. members had organized a strike at the Janesville plants.

As the union organization by the C.I.O. was underway, the Baker management announced they had paid out nearly three million dollars in dividends in the 37 years of the profit sharing plan and $2,907,186 had gone to the common stockholders, the rest to the preferred stockholders.

The April 29, 1937 expressed the fears of the workers and others in Evansville concerned about the labor organizers. "Many residents of the city had been watching the Baker plant here closely for the past few weeks, fearing an outbreak of labor trouble".

Since many of the company employees were also stockholders, they were reluctant to form a union. As stockholders, many felt they had more control over the company policies and could iron out any differences between management and workers. As John Baker had predicted many years earlier, the profit sharing plan was an influential factor in preventing a national union from successfully organizing employees.

In response to the C.I.O. call to organize, the employees of the Baker Manufacturing Company rejected the national union and formed their own local union called the Workers Alliance of Evansville. Fifty-one of the 98 eligible workers in the Baker company met at the home of Earl Knappenberger and elected a board of directors and officers for their local union.

The members elected Harold Morrison, Warren Brown and Alvin Olson for two year terms on the board of directors and P. F. Dreher, Verne Worthing and Aurell Vreeland to one year terms. Warren Brown was elected president; Verne Worthing, vice president; P. F. Dreher, secretary and Harold Morrison, treasurer.

The formation of the Alliance was seen as a victory for both the plant employees and the company. Alliance members hoped that they would be able to iron out any differences between workers and company officials without calling for local strikes or sympathy strikes because of work problems elsewhere in the United States. The Workers Alliance of Evansville remained active for just a few years.

Another Baker family member returned to Evansville to work at the company's home office in March 1937. Since high school, John Baker's son, Cleland, had worked for the Baker Company. After graduating from the University of Wisconsin, he became sales manager at the Minnesota branch, known as the Northwestern Wind Engine Company in 1924. He sold the company's products in North and South Dakota.

In 1934 he moved to Fort Dodge, Iowa, where he purchased the Baker branch and made it profitable, even though there was a major depression and that branch had previously had several years of losses. Cleland continued to own the Fort Dodge branch until 1943, when he sold it back to the Baker Manufacturing Company.

When he came to the Evansville facility, Cleland became the company's sales manager. In announcing his appointment, company officials told the Evansville Review, "we feel that from his past experience he is well qualified to direct the sales of the factory."

In May, 1937, the company's Secretary Joseph Bodenberger died after a bout with pneumonia. Bodenberger was replaced on the Baker board of directors by Walter Spratler, Sr..

For the next year, John Baker's health began to fail and in April 1938, he died at his home on West Main Street. He was eulogized in a lengthy newspaper article. "With Mr. Baker's wise and careful policies in factory management, and his financial advice, the company has not missed a single dividend payment on its stock. The manufacturer leaves hundreds of friends throughout the community."

Stores and business places closed for the funeral. His pall bearers were men he had worked with, Walter Spratler, Sr., Ray Hubbard, L. P. Eager, H. F. Brunsell, W. C. Schneider and Ed Hall.

John Baker was considered eccentric by some of the shop workers. Others described him as being reluctant to delegate authority. John kept very few written records, depending on his memory for the important details of running the business. He was also known for developing many original designs, although he seldom took the time to have them patented.

Cleland Baker was named as president of the company. His brother, J. Gordon Baker, who had been working in Pittsburg, was called home to help manage the plant. The two brothers worked together for the next decade, through the end of the depression and through World War II.
 
 

The Baker Manufacturing Company began recovering from the Depression in the late 1930s. With Cleland Baker serving as President and Treasurer of the company and his brother, Gordon Baker, performing his duties as Vice-President and Chief Engineer, the company made progress in sales and in designs of improved models of products.

By 1938, the company had resumed nearly a full schedule. In the summer, the factory worked a seven-hour day, and let their inventory drop. In the winter, the employees worked an 8-hour day building an inventory for future sales.

When the working day was lengthened, the men earned more. The impact a reduction or increase in hours at the Baker Company had on the community was noticed immediately in the business district. As soon as Baker's employees were given longer hours, Evansville merchants started noting an increase in retail sales. This came at a time when the workers used the extra income for fuel, winter clothing and Christmas gifts.

The increased hours in the winter were also a benefit to the company, as the buildings were heated by steam. The engines operating the machines also produced heat for the buildings.

The annual stockholder meeting was held in February 1939. The meeting was held in the factory display room, listed at 149 East Church Street. Stockholders were invited to tour the factory.

Business included the reelection of Cleland Baker as president, treasurer and general manager; Gordon Baker as vice president, and Walter Spratler, Jr. as secretary.

The company had decided to pay the stock dividends quarterly, rather than annually as in the past. In 1939, a one and one-quarter percent dividend was declared on both the common and preferred stock.

In the 1930s, another organization had started within the Baker Company. The Baker Credit Union. formed in 1934 with thirteen members. At the end of 1934, the Credit Union had assets of $311.37 and had grown steadily, despite the severe depression. By January 1, 1939, there were 147 members with assets of $13,062.99.

The credit union loaned small amounts of money to members who might otherwise be forced to pay high interest rates at loan companies or banks. The 1939 announcement of assets and members stated that anyone living in Evansville could become a member.

In November 1939, Baker announced that they were opening a new branch office in Madison. It was the first branch in Wisconsin. Most of the sales and distribution of Baker products was handled by the 14 branches operating in the United States and Canada. Minneapolis, Minnesota, Fort Dodge, Cedar Rapids and Fredericksburg, Ia; Omaha, Nebraska; Kansas City, Mo.; Hutchinson, Kansas; Enid, Oklahoma; Fort Worth, San Angelo, Lubbock and Amarillo, Texas, were listed along with the new branch. George B. Farrell, an experienced Baker salesman who had worked in Montana, North Dakota and Brandon, Canada, was appointed sales manager at the factory in Evansville.

Bruce Townsend was named the sales manager at the Madison branch located at 119 South Webster. One of the reasons given for opening the new branch was the availability of transportation. Three railroad lines and 8 truck companies operated from Madison. "The products manufactured here (in Evansville) will be shipped in truck loads to the Madison branch from where they will handle a complete factory line and in addition will distribute all types of pumps and other supplies," the November 23, 1939 news release stated.

Baker's had survived the Depression by the ingenuity of its managers and the diversification of its manufactures. One product that few people knew Baker Manufacturing Company manufactured was a line of toys designed by Gordon Baker. The wooden pull toys were made in any free space that could be found in the buildings.

"Live Toys" was the name chosen for this new venture. To test the marketability of the new toy, Su Panda was first introduced in the fall of 1939, just in time for Christmas shopping. The toy, which had various sizes of springs, so that the animals appeared to move in life-like motion when, pulled by a string. The mobile toy was so popular that Baker designed another movable animal, Annie elephant.

To make Su Panda and Annie elephant, rough wood blocks were cut by machine, first the bodies and then the legs. At first the machines worked so fast that the wood was burned and the men handling the machines thought they were very dangerous. This problem was fixed by slowing the machines and production continued.

The finished toys were sent to the paint department where they were decorated and then hung up to dry. They were boxed and shipped to department stores and dime stores throughout the United States. Elwyn "Tom" Conners was the in charge of shipping the animals from Bakers. In the early part of World War II, there was a ban on using tin and other materials to produce toys. The company could no longer use the metal springs required to make the animals move.

Early in 1940, a description of the manufacturing plant appeared in the Evansville Review. The article described the huge piles of scrap and pig iron that were used in production. The iron was taken into the shop and melted for use in manufacturing the main parts of the windmills and the gas engines.

The parts were made in special molds. The molds used for the external shape of the parts were set in a composition of sand and dirt. "After the form is firmly packed it is carefully removed so that an imprint is left. Into this imprint is introduced, but slightly smaller, the core." The core was made of sand and was a smaller version of the same shape as the first form. "Molten iron is then poured into the form between the imprint and the core." This was allowed to cool and then was dumped out. The core was then removed by breaking it into small parts, leaving a rough version of the finished product.

This unfinished piece was put into tumbling barrels with shot iron. The tumbling process removed all of the dirt and sand. The piece was then sent into the emery room where the rough edges were taken off. Men with hammers and chisels removed any edges not taken off by the machines.

Each part was then tested in the next part of the factory and any flaws were detected by a special machine. In the same room as the flaw detecting machines were the punch presses which pressed out sections of the windmills. The longest sections were 13 feet, 8 inches.

The company manufactured four windmills styles, using two principal types of windmills. One type was sent to the southwest, primarily Texas, where windmills were used more often than in other states. Windmills manufactured for this area of the country were of the pull-out variety, with ran continuously unless pulled out of gear.

In Wisconsin and other states where farmers did not run their mills constantly, the pull-in variety was made. This meant the farmer could put the windmill in gear when needed. "Wisconsin farmers use their mills much less and it is more convenient to start them when needed."

The company continued to make windmills. There were four types made in 1940, ranging in price from $21 to $75. The company also made four types of gas engines. The company also issued a catalog of parts that could be used to repair the mills.

The tour of the plant continued with an explanation of the foundry. In a room adjacent to the punch press room was the forge for making the steel parts of the windmills. This was an extremely hot place to work.

In the second story of this room was the gas engine machine shop where parts were made in a similar fashion to the windmill parts. The gas engines were assembled in the same area. A time-study engineer was on site to determine how the workers "could gain more speed and efficiency in their work." This engineer also set the rates for piece work.

The paint room was on the same floor as the gas engine production. Both the windmills and the gas engines were painted in this area. From the paint room the manufactured products were sent to the shipping room, or across Enterprise Street to the warehouse for storage.

Annually, the company brought its salesmen into the factory for a tour and several days of discussions about the manufacture and benefits of the Baker products. One of the largest sales meetings that had been held by Baker's took place in January 1940. Branch managers and salesmen came to Evansville for a three-day sales conference. Forty-one men attended. George B. Farrell, sales manager of the firm led the men through group discussions.

Despite the hardships of the Depression, the Baker Manufacturing Company had survived. In July 1940, the company announced it would enlarge its facilities by the construction of a new office building. It was the first new building to be constructed by the company in Evansville since 1911.

The company had been using temporary offices for the accounting department in the old stone foundry building since 1938. However, this area proved unsatisfactory as there was poor lighting, poor ventilation and the area was difficult to heat. It was also inconvenient as the administrative offices were in two locations.

The management hired Law, Law, and Potter of Madison, who had recently designed the new high school in Evansville, to design new office space for all of the administrative functions. The new structure, a one-story red brick building, 125 by 46 feet, was built on Enterprise Street, adjacent to the gas engine building and across the street from the warehouse. The architects designed many modern conveniences into the building, including air conditioning, fluorescent lighting, automatic dial telephones, and an intercom system.

Fritz Construction was hired as the general contractors for the work. O. T. Havey did the electrical installation and Hyland, Hall and Company were responsible for the plumbing, heating and air conditioning.

An open house was held in December 1940 to introduce the employees, stockholders, and other visitors to the new office. "Amid a profusion of flowers given as an expression of good will from business associates and friends, the Baker Manufacturing company, the city's oldest industrial plant, officially opened its new modern office on Enterprise Street," the Review reported in its December 19, 1940 issue.

When the new office was in use, the 1897 office building on Church Street was converted to a retail sales office and repair shop. Earl Knappenberger was the manager and Carroll Bly, his assistant in the new shop. Customers were advised to use the new store. "Farmers and others from this locality seeking repair service or parts will hereafter place their orders at the branch office rather than at the plant as heretofore." For those in more distant locations, who could not visit the retail store, the company offered a catalog of repair parts.

Following a pattern that had developed in other large companies, including General Electric and Westinghouse, Baker's started an apprenticeship program in 1936 and graduated its first apprentice in 1940. The first graduate from the program was Kenneth Morrison.

Morrison was the third generation of his family to work at the plant. His grandfather, Henry Morrison had retired from farming in 1913, moved to Evansville and worked in the Baker shipping department until he was 84 years old. Henry's son, Harold E. Morrison also worked in the shipping department. Harold's brother Howard also worked for the company, testing gas engines. Harold's son Kenneth, joined his father and uncle as a Baker employee.

The apprenticeship program was designed to train new draftsmen, machinists, tool and die makers and foundry men. The apprentices worked six months in each of the departments of the factory. By the time they finished the program, they were familiar with work in the foundry, gasoline engine machine shop, windmill machine shop, tool shop, pattern shop, wood shop, punch room and the shipping department.

The young men also attended the Janesville Vocational School a half-day each week. On completion of the program, the apprentices were granted a certificate from the Wisconsin Industrial Commission.

Kenneth Morrison, received his certificate, in November 1940, after completing 7,200 hours of employment. By the time the first apprentice graduated, seven others had started, including Phil Hall, Rolland Worthing, Fay Hubbard, Kenneth White, Wallace Olson, Phil Roberts and William Carey.

The company developed new well systems and an improved design to their windmills in 1940. New machinery was purchased for the plant to begin the manufacture of a new Monitor deep well pump. The sales force was introduced to the new system, designated as the 6600 line, known as the "Monitor Silent Flow", at a two-day meeting at the Evansville factory in January 1941.

One of the company's design engineers, J. O. Olson explained the new system to the salesmen. The new silent flow water system. Nearly all of the equipment sold by Baker's was now self-oiling, where the gears ran in a flood of oil.

"Baker precision-engineering brings you this new type water pump with direct-lift efficiency (96%) plus smooth quiet operation. A new double-action principle harnesses the downstroke and cushions the pump rod. The new Monitor Silent Flow is built like an automobile motor, with ball and roller bearings exclusively." It was also described "The quiet flowing water system" that "lets you sleep in peace."

The company also introduced a new 4000 model of their windmill. Monitor pump jacks, pumps and cylinders were also introduced to the Baker representatives. The line had been so successful that nine new salesmen were added to the force in 1940.

At the stockholders annual meeting February 1941, the company announced a five percent annual dividend, to be paid quarterly. President Cleland Baker told the stockholders that the foundry was now working 50 hours a week, supplying grey iron casting for many machine tool industries. The company had also shipped its first airplane propeller balancing machine.

World War II had not yet begun, but the management of the Baker plant was already involved in making sure the company was part of the industrial complex that would support the war. The farm products that Baker had been producing for many years, became important to the war effort as producing food for the armed forces and for home consumption was vital throughout the war.

World War II brought new challenges and opportunities to the company and its employees. Gordon Baker was interested in the design of a number of items that could be used by the Department of Defense, including combat vehicles, anti-aircraft fire control, guided missile control, atomic-powered submarine controls, and hydrofoil systems for boats.

Government rationing of raw materials was instituted within months after the United States entered the war in December 1941. Local businessmen and workers were concerned that this would reduce the output at the Baker plant. However, the company reported that they had been treated very favorably by the government because they produced farm products that were considered as essential to the war effort as munitions.

In 1942, Baker Manufacturing Company was allowed to produce 83% of their 1940 business. By September 1942, the company had reached its quota of farm products for the year. Production did not cease, because the balance of the year was devoted to manufacturing material for the armed forces, including contracts with the army and navy. The products for war use included observation towers, beacon towers, machine parts for the machine tool industry, airplane parts, and grey iron castings.

The war did decrease the workforce at Bakers. By December 1942, just a year into the war, more than 30 employees had enlisted or were drafted into the U. S. armed forces, including John Baker's daughter, Margaret Baker, one of the first women to enlist in the WAVES. Two men, Robert Hubbard and Kenneth Hatlevig had enlisted with the Janesville Tank Company that saw heaving fighting in the Philippine Islands in the early part of the war. Both were killed.

As they had done in the First World War, company employees actively participated in the war fund raising efforts. The company was awarded the Minute Man flag because over 50 % of the employees had purchased defense bonds under the payroll deduction plan.

Because of their cooperation with the government, Baker's was allowed to increase their production by 33 1/3% in the first six months of 1943. "Your first responsibility is to manufacture the farm machinery needed to produce the food requirements for the United States of American and our Allies. No one else can do it," the government representative told the Baker management.

In the spring of 1943, a government representative visited Evansville to try to find men and women who would be willing to help farmers harvest their crops in the late summer and fall. Farmers were being asked to produce more, with fewer farm laborers. So many farmhands enlisted in the war that the government feared that the crops could not be fully gathered in.

In August, 48 employees of the Baker plant volunteered for farm work, after they had already worked a full day in the shop. Carroll Bly and Walter S. Spratler, Jr. organized the men. Grain was shocked, tobacco hoed and other farm duties were performed by the volunteers. Farmers showed their appreciation by supplying refreshments and also gave the men paychecks for their farm work.

The 1943 slate of officers remained the same as in 1942. However, in May 1944, Walter S. Spratler, Jr. enlisted in the Navy and was stationed aboard a ship. The company secretary's office was temporarily filled by Helen Bly. This slate of officers remained until the 1948 election.

The company continued to pay dividends to its stockholders throughout the war. The 1944 quarterly dividends were $1.25 to all stockholders. The Baker Credit Union also continued to operate and in 1944, the officers were Walter S. Spratler, Jr. (also served as a director of the company until May 1944), Warren Brown, Vice President, Lewis Spencer, treasurer and Philip Hall, secretary.

At the 1946 election of officers, held in February, Chris Hendrickson was elected a director to succeed Walter S. Spratler, Jr. At this meeting the profit-sharing year was changed to coincide with the calendar year. The company distributed $12,889.84 to the common stock holders and $483.60 to the preferred stock holders.

The Baker Manufacturing Company started a new scholarship fund, in 1947. The funds were to be given to Evansville high school graduates. "to encourage the most promising graduates of the Evansville high school to pursue their chosen careers."

A group of Evansville community members and Walter Nichter, representing the Baker Manufacturing Company, selected the winners. Carol Brunsell and Jane Kissel were the first recipients. The first year that the scholarships were given, each girl received $500 to assist with the first year of college. The following year, three students received $1,000 each, two were from Evansville and the third was an Albany High School graduate.

An advertising technique was revived in 1947, during the second annual 4^th of G.I. celebration held in Evansville. As they had done for county fairs, the Baker Manufacturing Company set up a display that included a 6 1/2 foot windmill with the new model deep well pump system that "poured out a mighty stream of water" from Lake Leota.

To set the exhibit in place, the Baker company had built a special pier. It was made of lumber and was six feet wide and 30 feet long. It was hinged in two places and could be folded together and laid on the bank in the winter, then unfolded again in the spring. The assembler secured the pier to the bank without ever having to enter the water. When the celebration was finished, Baker donated the pier to the City.

Evansville 4^th of G. I. visitors were also saw a demonstration the new drinking water pump. "The pump is so constructed that a few strokes on the pump lever will cause a drinking fountain to start flowing which will continue for a considerable period without additional pumping."

The new deep well system and the drinking water hand pump were both developed to comply with new sanitary standards issued by the Wisconsin State Board of Health. Both mechanisms were recommended by the Board of Health for "raising the sanitary standards of farm and country school drinking supplies.

The new fountain drinking pump became one of the best known Baker products, once the windmills declined in use. The drinking fountain pumps were used in parks, golf courses, and waysides throughout the United States.

On October 5, 1947, Cleland Baker resigned as President of the company because of illness. Gordon, who with his brother had managed the company since their father's death in 1938, was elected President at the annual meeting in 1948.

The year that Gordon Baker officially became president, the company enjoyed one of its most successful sales years in its history. Ruth Gollmar, who became Gordon Baker's secretary in 1947, recalled that Mr. Baker also stressed quality control of the company's manufactured products.

During the first full year of Gordon's administration, in 1948, the company enjoyed one of its most successful years. The year began with the Baker sales force attending their annual meeting in Evansville.

The men were introduced to several new products, including the drinking fountain. A new pump jack and the new deep well pump, demonstrated at the 4^th of G. I. Celebration the previous summer, were also introduced at the meeting. R. B. Townsend was listed as the manager of the branches and in charge of the 1948 meeting.

In addition to its sales team, the company also advertised in a national farm magazine in 1948. Following the advertising campaign, the company was swamped with orders for its new pump jack.

Baker's also opened an export office in New York in 1948 and began shipping windmills to Africa and South America. Although the windmill was a disappearing machine in the United States, it began playing a part of increasing importance in the development of self-sustaining agriculture abroad.

Although only one propeller balancing machine was sold in 1948, it was expected that there would be more sales. The machine was sold for approximately $14,000 to the Hamilton Standard Propeller Company in East Hartford, Connecticut. Each machine was custom made. Baker management reported that other airplane manufacturers had expressed a great deal of interest in the machine.

At the annual stockholders meeting held in March 1948, J. Gordon Baker was reelected as president. R. B. Townsend was selected as Vice President and Treasurer and Walter C. Schneider was elected secretary.

That same year, Gordon Baker began the first of the public sales of the Baker Manufacturing Company common and preferred stock. The sales were held quarterly, at specially announced meetings. Anyone who wanted to buy or sell Baker stock could do so at the quarterly sales.

In November 1948, J. Gordon Baker was honored for his wartime work with a certificate of appreciation from the Office of Scientific Research and Development. The certificate was awarded to Baker and his staff for the research projects during World War II.

Although it was several years after World War II had ended, many of the defense projects that had been kept secret for security reasons came to light. Once, Baker was free to talk about the projects, he told reporters that in the Spring of 1942, a representative of the National Defense Research Committee had come to Evansville and asked Baker to develop a quiet, light, and mobile tank that could fire on the move.

J. Gordon Baker and his staff accepted the challenge. Baker's experience in the dynamics research lab at Westinghouse Electric had honed his engineering skills. Baker believed the secret to the success of the machine was in the suspension system that could absorb enormous shocks.

The four goals Baker set for the finished project was a machine that could be dropped from a plane flying close to the ground at 50 miles per hour. The tank could withstand the toughest battlefield terrain and not break down. The dimensions of the tank would be short and squat so that it was a smaller target than the standard tanks and the suspension system could store energy and release it quickly.

Baker drew plans for the construction of one quarter of the vehicle. Using an engine driven pump, a hydraulic cylinder, coil suspension springs and acceleration-controlled valves, Baker built one wheel section, to test the jumping power of the suspension system. Some of the parts were purchased ready-made and others were built from scratch by Raymond Custer, a tool-maker at Bakers.

Tests of the finished prototype were successful. If the entire tank had been built, it would have been able to jump, squat and fly over trenches, low fences and other objects. As the Defense Research Committee had requested, the tank was also designed to fire on the move.

However, the Research Committee had checked with the auto industry officials who would be manufacturing the vehicle for the Defense Department and had found no enthusiasm for manufacturing the jumping tank. By the time Baker's had finished testing the prototype, the government had dropped the project. J. Gordon Baker never applied for a patent on the design and eventually the prototype was destroyed.

Other projects developed during the war were a course variant sight for anti-aircraft guns and the aircraft propeller blade balancing mechanisms. The work with the Department of Defense continued several years after the war.

Although research and development continued to play an important role at the Baker Manufacturing Company, the principal products were the water systems, pump jacks and windmills. Gross sales were $4,767,000 in 1948, nearly double those of 1945.

At the annual meeting in 1949, company president, Gordon Baker announced that the company would continue to find new adaptations for their products. One example was the use of the Baker windmill towers for use as a support for television antennae.

The punch presses, originally used for manufacturing windmill parts were not being used to full capacity because of the decline in windmill sales. The company had invested a large amount of capital in the machines and also had a large number of skilled men using the punch presses. Adapting the punch presses to make television antennae towers required only a minor change.

During 1949, the company announced that it had opened two new branches. The new offices were located in Winnepeg, Canada and Fargo, North Dakota. Gordon Baker and company vice president and sales manager, R. B. Townsend attended the opening of the new Winnepeg office and warehouse in April 1949. C. A. Morrison was named manager of the Winnepeg branch.

The following month, Townsend was in Fargo, announcing the promotion of John M McFarland from salesman in the Kansas City branch, to manager of the new Fargo branch. Temporary headquarters for Baker's office had been rented from the Union Transfer & Storage Company

In Evansville, the company had a unique opportunity to advertise because the warehouse was in close proximity to the railroad tracks. The company placed a new seventy-foot sign on the warehouse to identify the plant to travelers on the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad. According to a railroad company representative, nearly a quarter million people used the trains that passed through Evansville and the sign was a reminder of the city's principal industry.

The company continued to use the annual 4^th of G.I. celebration in Evansville as another opportunity to display and advertise their products. At the1949 program held at Leota Park, the company displayed its usual line of water system equipment and also promoted its new line of television antenna towers. The towers had the brand name "Baker", rather than "Monitor", used for other products.

A 100-foot steel tower was built by Dexter Anderson, manager of the Baker Sales and Service store, and his assistants, Harold Morrison and Earl Knappenberger. Jean Greenway, owner of Greenway Radio and a local television technician, supplied the television set.

As the Baker Company grew, the clerical and bookkeeping personnel were increased. By the late 1940s, the clerical positions were filled by several local women. The branch offices also had their own bookkeeping and clerical staff.

In 1949, the bookkeepers from the home office and in the branches were invited to Evansville for a Bookkeeper's Conference. The women were given a tour of the factory followed by discussions about the company's accounting system. The Evansville accounting staff included Adeline Duescher, Helen Bly Koehler, Betty Brown and Ruth Francis. After the day's activities, the company's home office clerical staff, Joyce Pernot, Joan Norby, Louise Moe and Ruth Morrison (Gollmar) joined the bookkeepers for dinner.

One of the strengths of the company was the longevity of service by its work force. Most of the foremen had risen through the ranks. In December 1949, J. A. Meredith, who had worked for the company for twenty-seven years, was promoted to factory superintendent. This job had been held simultaneously with that of the company president during the years when Allan Baker and his son, John, were in charge of the company and the factory.

Meredith had started working for the company as a punch press operator. In 1947, he was elected one of the company directors and in 1949 was chosen for the superintendent's job because of his outstanding record as foreman of the machine shop and the assembly department.

By the end of 1950, the company had achieved nearly five million dollars in sales for the year. It was a record year, nearly one-third more than the previous year. At the stockholder's meeting held in March 1951, the managers of the eleven Baker branches, were all in attendance to hear the good news of their success.

Eight of every ten employees in the Evansville factory and office were eligible for the profit sharing plan. This reflected a low turnover rate of employees, since those enrolled in the plan had to work for the company for at least two years and one month.

Employees were given a bonus of 15% of their 1950 earnings, in stock and in cash. The company explained that the profit sharing was paid in stock and cash because of the increased income withholding taxes that were required. The cash part of the payment was to ease the burden of the payment of the withholding tax by the employee.

The 1951 officers were also chosen at the meeting. J. Gordon Baker was reelected president. R. B. Townsend, was reelected Vice-President and treasurer; W. C. Schneider, secretary; Helen Bly Koehler, assistant secretary; and A. A. Inserra, assistant treasurer. Baker, R. B. Townsend, J. A. Meredith, William C. Schneider, and C. M. Henricksen of Evansville were directors. Vern Wagner, Enid, Oklahoma branch manager and Garrett M. Hamm of Chicago were also directors.

During 1951, a new branch office and warehouse was built in Fort Dodge, Iowa. The 12,210 square feet, single story building was to house one of the oldest branches of the Baker Manufacturing Company. The Fort Dodge branch had been operating since 1888.

In the early 1950s, Baker made improvements to their Evansville plant. For many years, the company had been producing its own electrical power. By 1952, the company found it was necessary to purchase electricity from the city water and light department during the summer months when its coal heating-boiler was not being used.

A new 150 horsepower oil-burning boiler was installed in November 1952 to be used during the summer months. The old coal-fueled generating plant was used during the five winter months. The company then generated its own electricity and heated the building using the exhaust system.

A new gas-driven fire pump was installed to operate the sprinkling system used as fire protection. One of the casualties of the new system was the old steam whistle used at the factory. With the old generating system, the steam to operate the whistle was available 24 hours a day. After installation of the new system, it was no longer economical to have steam available at all hours and the familiar old sound of the steam whistle was replaced with an air whistle.

The early fifties seemed to be a time for putting away the old and getting on with the new. Sales of windmills had declined rapidly. Following World War II, rural areas were modernized with the introduction of electrical power lines, electrically operated water pumps and other improvements that made windmills obsolete.

When the company stopped production of the windmills, the storage area of the warehouse that had formerly been devoted to windmills was vacant. Their water storage systems took much less warehouse space than the windmills.

In cooperation with the Evansville Industrial Development Committee and the Chamber of Commerce, the Baker Company began looking for another business that might want to use the excess warehouse space. In March 1953, the U. S. Rubber Company rented approximately 1,000 square feet of the warehouse to store roto gravure cylinders.

There was still plenty of room to store the many replacement parts. The large three story warehouse held bin after bin of parts from the ancient windmill pieces to the most advanced modern water well system parts. To satisfy the needs of its branches and distributors, the company kept a complete inventory of stock in its warehouse.

Creative ways of using the company's resources were not new to Baker's management and in the early years of the 1950s, J. Gordon Baker and his engineers began a new venture, experiments with hydrofoils. The company now officially had a research department at the offices in Evansville. An article in the February 18, 1954 Evansville Review recorded that: "The Research Department devotes its energies toward engineering development for the factory branch of the company and for the United States Navy and for other private Customers".

The hydrofoil boats were introduced to boating enthusiasts at the 20 ^th annual National Boat Show held in Chicago in February 1953. The hydrofoil kits developed and manfactured by Bakers were demonstrated on a 14 foot Dunphy out-board runabout.

The kits weighed 120 pounds when attached to the boat. The foils were made with a metal called duralumin. A large single foil was placed on the bow of the boat and two smaller foils were placed on the stern. This allowed a three-point suspension when the craft was underway.

The kit included an extension for the shaft of the outboard motor, because the "flying" boat rode so high out of the water. The foils could be folded out of the water so that the boat could be easily moored, or loaded onto a trailer. The foils could be cranked into place for use in two minutes.

According to the news release, the system used "the most practical applications of airplane lift, and airplane wing "flow-lift" principles" to raise the runabout completely out of the water when in the operating speed range of 15-35 miles an hour when in the operating speed range of 15-35 miles an hour." The boat was raised out of the water as much as 18 inches in calm water and could withstand waves of up to 18 inches without losing speed. Higher waves required the reduction of the boat's speed so that the foils could rise and fall with the waves.

The hydrofoils were later adapted for use with large sailing boats and many other types of water craft. Neil Lien, one of the Baker Manufacturing Company engineers who had been instrumental in the design of the hydrofoils described the units to the Chamber of Commerce.

Lien showed movies of the operation of two identical boats and motors racing. The boat without the hydrofoil had only one passenger, while the hydrofoil carried four people. The hydrofoil made a slow start, but easily overtook the one-person craft by the end of the race.

(A silent video of a demonstration of the hydrofoil on Lake Mendota is available at the Eager Free Public Library)

One of the Baker company's long-term employees came to the Evansville office as a vice-president in April 1953. Vern Wagner had started for the company in the Enid, Oklahoma warehouse was a janitor. He had worked his way to manager of the Hutchinson, Kansas branch, and then became manager of the Enid branch. During his term as manager at Enid, the staff was increased from six to 23 people. Wagner's promotion came as a result of his good work for the company. He served as head of the wholesale division.

Wagner was very well acquainted with the new water systems developed by Baker's and the biggest growth in the sales was in the company's water systems. In 1953, a new pitless unit was developed. In the company advertisements, the Monitor Pitless Well Unit was ideal for "Better farming--Better Living".

Baker's wanted to get the word out to area farmers that the water systems designed by the company met the Wisconsin State Board of Health sanitary well codes. Farmers from Rock, Green and Jefferson counties were invited to a program sponsored by the Baker Manufacturing Company. Rock County Agricultural agent, Frank N. Campbell; Baker vice-president, Vern Wagner, and plant manager J. H. Matson presented the program.

The State Board of Health had chosen Baker's and three other companies from Wisconsin as representing the ideal well systems to meet the state codes. Milk producers were especially interested because they needed to meet state requirements for water used in their dairy operations. "The code is especially severe in regard to farms which produce milk for commercial milk companies," state officials explained to the farmers at the meeting.

A reorganization of the company took place in 1954. Changes were made in the custom casting selling, and an intensive cost reduction program was carried out in the factory division. After paying profit sharing and taxes in 1954, the company showed a loss of $30,695.

There was a quick recovery in 1955 when the headlines of the Evansville Review read, "Baker Net Profits Up 274 per cent". Gordon Baker attributed the success to the factory personnel "who have good reason to be proud of this year's achievement." Gross profit before income taxes and profit sharing was up 354% according to the company's report and sales were more than four million dollars.

Because of his outstanding contributions to the fields of engineering and industry, J. Gordon Baker was honored at the annual Engineers' Day, held at the University of Wisconsin in 1956. His accomplishments in the fields of mechanical vibrations and hydrodynamics, as well as his work with the department of defense during World War II were cited as accomplishments that won him the award. More than 400 engineers and industrialists from all parts of the United States were at the ceremony honoring Baker.
 
 

In late December 1955, for the first time in its history, Baker Manufacturing Company stopped generating electricity for its own use and purchased all of its electrical power from the Evansville Water and Light Department. The old generator, installed in 1910, could no longer economically provide enough power, even in the winter.

The 16,700 pound Allis Chalmers engine was sent to the scrap heap and the room that had housed the generator and steam engine was turned over to plant maintenance. The move to year-round use of the city electricity made Baker's one of the largest consumers of power in the city.

J. Gordon Baker and his research and development department continued to perfect hydrofoil boats under a contract with the U. S. Navy. In 1955, Baker's engineers developed "The Monitor", designed as the world's fastest sailboat, using the hydrofoil designs applied to earlier motor b